See Core War http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_War and RoboWar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboWar and several others. While First Robotics is not a head-to-head competition, it is also computer (robot) vs. a subset of the world. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIRST_Robotics_Competition / http://www.usfirst.org/

WRT Core War: "The earliest published description of Redcode is found in the Core War Guidelines published in March 1984 by A. K. Dewdney and D. G. Jones."