I’m betting that bot activity plummets once accounts are tied to real identities. That’s a discourse benefit. I’m also betting that discussion will become a lot more rational once people have to put their names on what they are saying. Death threats also become more easily prosecutable.

Also becomes a lot easier to target people for speech you don't like, especially if you're the government.

Not really.

Presumably it makes people fearful to post things that differ from the norm, which is what I'm assuming parent means by brainrot (wrongthink).

Brainrot isn’t wrongthink. Brainrot is brinksmanship and zero sum discourse. As a member of the public it’s virtually impossible to know where the real consensus is on any issue today due to wishful thinking backed up by gigantic botnets. Brainrot will make people certain that they’re part of some majority consensus to the point that they will fight legislation like this because being provably part of a fringe line of thinking would cause them psychological pain. Right now, everyone (including the “moon mission was fake” fringe) thinks they’re part of a majority consensus. Even sovereign citizens and flat earthers believe they’re in a much larger cohort than they really are. A lot of these ideas are harming people offline in addition to degrading their personal mental health.